Figure 1

BPD, HC, AC, AFI and FL measured on 2D ultrasonography. BPD and HC measured on an axial plane that traverses the thalami and cavum septum pellucidum. AC is measured at the level of the fetal liver, where the umbilical vein joins the portal vein, and includes the stomach and spine. BPD, biparietal diameter; HC, head circumference; AC, abdominal circumference; FL, femur length. (Images were acquired on E10 Voluson ultrasound machine)"

Figure 2

The normal appearance of ductus venosus, umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery and uterine artery Doppler waveforms in appropriate-for-gestational age fetus. (Images were acquired on E10 Voluson ultrasound machine)"

Figure 3

Determination of the cardiac cycle. This figure shows the determination of the right ventricular cardiac cycle to get the annular movement in M-mode by drawing a line perpendicular to the annulus of the right ventricular chamber in the four-chamber view. The cardiac cycle from end-diastole to end-diastole between two troughs is marked on the M-mode graph along with the end-systole. (Images were acquired on E10 Voluson ultrasound machine and analysed using FetalHQ software)"

Figure 4

Graphical representation of placement of pointers in the left ventricle. Pointers are placed at the base of the septal wall, the base of the lateral wall, and the apex of the left ventricle. (Images were acquired on E10 Voluson ultrasound machine and analysed using FetalHQ software)"

Figure 5

Speckle tracking- Fetal HQ. (A) Marked myocardial region of interest in the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV); (B) Deformation vectors in the LV and RV; (C) LV and RV global longitudinal strain (GLS) analysis. (Images were acquired on E10 Voluson ultrasound machine and analysed using FetalHQ software)"

Figure 6

Measurement of the fetal cardiac GSI. A longitudinal line is drawn from the apex to the base of the cardiac outer edge, and a transverse line is drawn from the sidewall of the LV to the sidewall of the RV at the end of the diastole. The GSI can be obtained by dividing the end-diastolic basal–apical length by the end-diastolic transverse width. GSI, global sphericity index; LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricle. (Images were acquired on E10 Voluson ultrasound machine and analysed using FetalHQ software)"

Figure 7

Bar diagram showing CPR Classification. CPR is classified as pathological when the centile for their gestational age is < 5th centile. In the AGA Group, 1.5% had Pathological CPR and in SGA group, 22.2% had pathological CPR, showing statistically significant higher difference in CPR classification between two groups. CPR, cerebro-placental ratio; SGA, small-for-gestational age; AGA, appropriate-for-gestational age."

Table 1

Comparison of parameters (GSI, GLS and FAC) between AGA and SGA fetuses."

Figure 8

ROC curve showing 4CVGSI in differentiating SGA and AGA. In the study 4CVGSI at ≤ 1.2 had highest validity in predicting SGA. A cutoff of GSI ≤ 1.2 yielded 75% sensitivity and 84.6% specificity, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 73.0% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 85.9%."

Figure 9

ROC curve showing LV GLS in differentiating SGA and AGA. In the study LV GLS at > −21.19% had highest validity in predicting SGA. A cutoff of LV GLS > −21.19% yielded 88.89% sensitivity and 87.69% specificity, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 80.0% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 93.4%."

Figure 10

ROC curve showing RV GLS in differentiating SGA and AGA. In the study RV GLS at > −20.59% had highest validity in predicting SGA. A cutoff of RV GLS > −20.59% yielded 86.11% sensitivity and 89.23% specificity, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 81.6% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 92.1%."