Advanced Ultrasound in Diagnosis and Therapy ›› 2022, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (2): 72-94.doi: 10.37015/AUDT.2022.210021
• Consensus and Guidelines • Previous Articles
Echocardiography Group of Ultrasound Medicine Branch in Chinese Medical Association, Echocardiography Committee of Cardiovascular Branch in Chinese Medical Association
Received:2021-08-07
Revised:2021-08-24
Accepted:2021-09-04
Online:2022-06-30
Published:2022-06-26
Contact:
Department of Ultrasonography, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, 107 Wenhua Xi Lu, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong, China. M Zhang, e-mail: daixh@vip.sina.com; Y Zhang, e-mail: yun-zhang@163.com; Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 137 Liushan South Road, Xincheng District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. YM Mu, e-mail: mym1234@126.com.,
Echocardiography Group of Ultrasound Medicine Branch in Chinese Medical Association, Echocardiography Committee of Cardiovascular Branch in Chinese Medical Association . Guidelines for Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathy: Recommendations from Echocardiography Group of Ultrasound Medicine Branch in Chinese Medical Association, Echocardiography Committee of Cardiovascular Branch in Chinese Medical Association. Advanced Ultrasound in Diagnosis and Therapy, 2022, 6(2): 72-94.
Table 2
Classification of RCM"
| Classification | Disease | |
|---|---|---|
| Myocardial RCM | Non-infiltrative | Idiopathic, scleroderma, pseudoxanthoma elasticum |
| Infiltrative | Amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, sarcomatous change, Gaucher disease, | |
| Storage | Hemochromatosis, Fabry disease, glycogen storage disease | |
| Endomyocardial RCM | Occlusive | Endomyocardial fibrosis, Löffler endocarditis |
| Non-occlusive | Carcinoid heart disease, malignant infiltration, iatrogenic (drug, radiation) |
Table 3
key points to differentiate RCM from constrictive pericarditis"
| Key points | CP | RCM |
|---|---|---|
| History | History of pericardial effusion, developing slowly | Unknown etiology, developing rapidly |
| Peri- or endocardium | Pericardial thickening and calcification | Endocardial thickening and echo enhancement |
| Atria | Slight enlarged | Usually significantly enlarged |
| Interventricular septum motion | Septal swing with respiration, M-mode show a notch or bounce in early diastole | Not obvious |
| Mitral inflow variation | Obvious with respiratory variation in mitral E wave velocity with difference >25% | Not obvious |
| TDI | Mitral annulus average velocities e’>8 cm/s, e’septal >e’lateral | Mitral annulus average velocities e’<8 cm/s |
| Hepatic venous flow variation | End diastolic reverse flow velocity/forward flow velocity in expiration≥0.8 | Velocity of reverse flow increased in inspiration |
Figure 1
Left ventricular long-axis view: Left atrium and left ventricle are significantly enlarged, both ventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall become thinner, and the opening of the mitral valve becomes smaller during diastole, forming a so-called "large cardiac chambers, small opening"."
Figure 2
The apical four-chamber view: left ventricle is significantly enlarged and becomes spherical with longitudinal diameter of 73mm and transverse diameter of 62mm. The ratio of longitudinal to transverse diameter as spherical index (SI) is 1.2, which was less than the reference value of 1.5. The ventricular septum and left ventricular lateral wall become thinner with smoky echoes in left ventricle, suggesting slow blood flow."
Figure 3
Apical four-chamber view: The basal and mid segments of ventricular septum are significantly thickened, with thicknesses of 25 mm and 25 mm, respectively."
Figure 5
Apical five-chamber view: the blood flow velocity of LVOT increases during systole with the peak velocity of 3.1m/s and the maximum pressure difference is 37mmHg, the blood flow spectrum is negative high-velocity filling jet during systole, and the shape presents as single-peaked "dagger-like" change."
Table 4
Recommendation of diagnostic criteria"
| Criteria | Items |
|---|---|
| Main criteria: Akinetic or hypokinetic right ventricular regional wall motion, or aneurysm, with one of the following presentations: | ①PLAX RVOT≥32 mm ( After BSA standardization: PLAX RVOT ≥ 19 mm/m2);a |
| ②PSAX RV0T≥36 mm ( After BSA standardization: PSAX RVOT ≥ 21 mm/m2);a | |
| ③RVFAC<35%.b | |
| Secondary criteria: Akinetic or hypokinetic right ventricular regional wall motion, with one of the following presentations: | ① 29 mm ≤ PLAX RVOT< 32 mm (After BSA standardization: 16 mm/m2 ≤ PLAX RVOT < 19 mm/m2); |
| ② 32 mm ≤ PSAX RVOT < 36 mm (After BSA standardization: 18 mm/m2 ≤ PSAX RVOT < 21 mm/m2);a | |
| ③ Right ventricular basal diameter > 39 mm (female); or 42 mm (male); c | |
| ④ TAPSE ≤ 16 mm;b | |
| ⑤ RV GLS absolute value < 20%;b | |
| ⑥ 3D RVEF ≤ 44%;b | |
| ⑦ RMPI > 55%;b | |
| ⑧ Peak systolic velocity of tricuspid annulus (S') < 8 cm/s;c | |
| ⑨(Three-segment/six-segment model) Right ventricular mechanical dispersion (Standard deviation of time-to-peak of strain) > 25~ 30 ms.d |
Figure 4
Left ventricular short axis view: Left ventricular anterior wall and anterior lateral wall are significantly thickened, with thicknesses of 19 mm and 18 mm, respectively."
Figure 6
Restricted cardiomyopathy shows bi-atrial enlargement, reduced left ventricular size, and abnormal restrictive filling pattern of mitral flow spectrum during diastole with E/A > 2."
Figure 7
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Enlargement of right atrium and ventricle with obvious muscular trabeculae echo in RVOT muscular part and right ventricular apex and relatively thinner wall thickness of right ventricle."
Figure 8
Left ventricular short-axis view from echocardiography: the ratio of thickness between non-compacted layer (NC) to compacted layer (C) >2."
Figure 9
Echocardiography: the increase of ventricular trabeculae can be detected in left ventricular apex (indicated by the arrow)."
| [1] | Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M, Maisch B, Mautner B, O'Connell J, et al. Report of the 1995 world health organization/international society and federation of cardiology task force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 1996; 93:841-842. |
| [2] | Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, et al; American heart association; council on clinical cardiology, heart failure and transplantation committee; quality of care and outcomes research and functional genomics and translational biology interdisciplinary working groups; council on epidemiology and prevention. contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an american heart association scientific statement from the council on clinical cardiology, heart failure and transplantation committee; quality of care and outcomes research and functional genomics and translational biology interdisciplinary working groups; and council on epidemiology and prevention. Circulation 2006; 113: 1807-1816. |
| [3] |
Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, et al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the european society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J 2008; 29:270-276.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm342 pmid: 17916581 |
| [4] |
Arbustini E, Narula N, Dec GW, Reddy KS, Greenberg B, Kushwaha S, et al. The moge(s) classification for a phenotype-genotype nomenclature of cardiomyopathy: endorsed by the world heart federation. Glob Heart 2013; 8:355-382.
doi: 10.1016/j.gheart.2013.11.001 pmid: 25690638 |
| [5] |
Pinto YM, Elliott PM, Arbustini E, Adler Y, Anastasakis A, Böhm M, et al. Proposal for a revised definition of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, and its implications for clinical practice: a position statement of the ESC working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:1850-1858.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv727 |
| [6] |
Japp AG, Gulati A, Cook SA, Cowie MR, Prasad SK. The diagnosis and evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:2996-3010.
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.590 |
| [7] | Hazebroek M, Dennert R, Heymans S. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: possible triggers and treatment strategies. Neth Heart J 2012; 20:332-335. |
| [8] |
Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Haghikia A, Nonhoff J, Bauersachs J. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: current management and future perspectives. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:1090-1097.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv009 pmid: 25636745 |
| [9] |
Schultheiss HP, Fairweather D, Caforio ALP, Escher F, Hershberger RE, Lipshultz SE, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5: 32.
doi: 10.1038/s41572-019-0084-1 |
| [10] |
Popescu BA, Beladan CC, Calin A, Muraru D, Deleanu D, Rosca M, et al. Left ventricular remodelling and torsional dynamics in dilated cardiomyopathy: reversed apical rotation as a marker of disease severity. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11:945-951.
doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfp124 pmid: 19789397 |
| [11] |
Amorim S, Rodrigues J, Campelo M, Moura B, Martins E, Macedo F, et al. Left ventricular reverse remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy- maintained subclinical myocardial systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 33:605-613.
doi: 10.1007/s10554-016-1042-6 |
| [12] |
Levine YC, Matos J, Rosenberg MA, Manning WJ, Josephson ME, Buxton AE. Left ventricular sphericity independently predicts appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:490-497.
doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.09.022 |
| [13] |
Melo SA Jr, Macchiavello B, Andrade MM, Carvalho JL, Carvalho HS, Vasconcelos DF, et al. Semi-automatic algorithm for construction of the left ventricular area variation curve over a complete cardiac cycle. Biomed Eng Online 2010; 9: 5.
doi: 10.1186/1475-925X-9-5 |
| [14] |
Iida Y, Inomata T, Kaida T, Fujita T, Ikeda Y, Nabeta T, et al. Prognostic impact of segmental wall motion abnormality in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Int Heart J 2017; 58:544-550.
doi: 10.1536/ihj.16-582 |
| [15] |
Kamperidis V, van Wijngaarden SE, van Rosendael PJ, Kong WKF, Regeer MV, van der Kley F, et al. Mitral valve repair for secondary mitral regurgitation in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with left ventricular reverse remodelling and increase of forward flow. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 19:208-215.
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jex011 pmid: 28329173 |
| [16] | Shao L, Zhao BW, Wang B, Peng XH, Chen R, Huang YH, et al. Evaluation of right atrial function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic cardiomyopathy using two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging. Chinese Journal of Ultrasonography 2015, 24: 204-208. |
| [17] |
Lancellotti P, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Popescu BA, Edvardsen T, Pierard LA, et al; Scientific document committee of the european association of cardiovascular imaging. recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an executive summary from the european association of cardiovascular imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14:611-644.
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jet105 pmid: 23733442 |
| [18] |
Zeng D, Wu J, Wu SS, Lin HH, Chen H. Three-dimensional echocardiographic comparison of left ventricular geometry and systolic function between dilated cardiomyopathy and mitral regurgitation with similar left ventricular dilation. J Clin Ultrasound 2020; 48:29-37.
doi: 10.1002/jcu.22775 |
| [19] |
Li F, Chen YG, Yao GH, Li L, Ge ZM, Zhang M, et al. Usefulness of left ventricular conic index measured by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to predict left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102:1433-1437.
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.034 |
| [20] | Mei DE, Chen JL, Feng CL, Zhao ZY, Zhu HN. Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony and its relationship with cardiac function in dilated cardiomyopathy by two-dimensional strain parameters. Chin J Med Imaging Technol 2017, 33: 1339-1343. |
| [21] | Zairi I, Mzoughi K, Jabeur M, Jnifene Z, Ben Moussa F, Kamoun S, et al. Right ventricular systolic echocardiographic parameters in dilated cardiomyopathy and prognosis. Tunis Med 2017; 95:87-91. |
| [22] |
Dutta T, Aronow WS. Echocardiographic evaluation of the right ventricle: clinical implications. Clin Cardiol 2017; 40:542-548.
doi: 10.1002/clc.22694 |
| [23] |
Amsallem M, Mercier O, Kobayashi Y, Moneghetti K, Haddad F. Forgotten no more: a focused update on the right ventricle in cardiovascular disease. JACC Heart Fail 2018; 6:891-903.
doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2018.05.022 |
| [24] |
Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the european society of echocardiography and the european association of cardiovascular imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29:277-314.
doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011 |
| [25] |
Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, Agati L, Zamorano J, Vanoverschelde JL, et al; EACVI Scientific documents committee for 2014-16 and 2016-18; EACVI scientific documents committee for 2014-16 and 2016-18. clinical practice of contrast echocardiography: recommendation by the european association of cardiovascular imaging (EACVI) 2017. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 18:1205-1205af.
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jex182 pmid: 28950366 |
| [26] |
Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Evangelista A, Kasprzak J, Lancellotti P, Poldermans D, et al; European association of echocardiography. stress echocardiography expert consensus statement- -executive summary: european association of echocardiography (EAE) (a registered branch of the ESC). Eur Heart J 2009; 30:278-289.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn492 pmid: 19001473 |
| [27] |
Minoshima M, Noda A, Kobayashi M, Miyata S, Hirashiki A, Okumura T, et al. Endomyocardial radial strain rate imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the evaluation of contractile reserve in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Ultrasound 2016; 44:555-560.
doi: 10.1002/jcu.22376 pmid: 27417656 |
| [28] |
Makavos G, Κairis C, Tselegkidi ME, Karamitsos T, Rigopoulos AG, Noutsias M, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an updated review on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Heart Fail Rev 2019; 24:439-459.
doi: 10.1007/s10741-019-09775-4 pmid: 30852773 |
| [29] | Song YR, Liu Z, Gu SL, Qian LJ, Yan QF. Advances in the molecular pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hereditas 2011, 33:549-557. |
| [30] |
Ingles J, Goldstein J, Thaxton C, Caleshu C, Corty EW, Crowley SB, et al. Evaluating the clinical validity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genes. Circ Genom Precis Med 2019; 12: e002460.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCGEN.119.002460 |
| [31] | Tang L, Zhou NW, Jiang YY, Li XJ, Sun MM, Pan CZ, et al. A research on the relationship of genotypes and phenotypes in hypertroph,c cardiomyopathy. Chin J Ultrasonogr 2020, 29: 219-223. |
| [32] | Song L, Zou YB, Wang DW, Hui RT. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adult hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in China. Chinese Journal of Cardiology 2017, 45:1015-1032. [In Chinese] |
| [33] |
Authors/Task Force members, Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, et al. 2014 ESC guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the task force for the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the european society of cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014; 35:2733-2779.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284 pmid: 25173338 |
| [34] |
Lancellotti P, Pellikka PA, Budts W, Chaudhry FA, Donal E, Dulgheru R, et al. The clinical use of stress echocardiography in non-ischaemic heart disease: recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 17:1191-1229.
pmid: 27880640 |
| [35] |
Nagueh SF, Bierig SM, Budoff MJ, Desai M, Dilsizian V, Eidem B, et al. American society of echocardiography clinical recommendations for multimodality cardiovascular imaging of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: endorsed by the American society of nuclear cardiology, society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance, and society of cardiovascular computed tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24:473-498.
doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.03.006 |
| [36] | Geske JB, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy clinical update. J ACC Heart Fail 2018, 6: 364-375. |
| [37] | Zhang Y, Yin LX, Deng YB, Ren WD, Mu YM, Zhang M, et al. Guideline of standardized operation of stress echocardiography. Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging Technology 2017, 33: 632-638. |
| [38] |
Kitaoka H, Kubo T, Okawa M, Takenaka N, Sakamoto C, Baba Y, et al. Tissue doppler imaging and plasma BNP levels to assess the prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24:1020-1025.
doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.05.009 |
| [39] |
Bayrak F, Kahveci G, Mutlu B, Sonmez K, Degertekin M. Tissue doppler imaging to predict clinical course of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9:278-283.
doi: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen049 pmid: 18490324 |
| [40] |
Gilman G, Khandheria BK, Hagen ME, Abraham TP, Seward JB, Belohlavek M. Strain rate and strain: a step-by-step approach to image and data acquisition. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17:1011-1020.
doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2004.04.039 |
| [41] | Zhang XK, Na LS, Liu LW, Zuo L, Li J, Wang B, et al. Three-dimensional speckle tracking technology in evaluating early changes of left ventricular systolic function and synchrony in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with truncating mutations of MYBPC3 gene. Chinese J Ultrasound in Med 2017, 33:228-230. |
| [42] |
Chen S, Duan F, Yuan J, Qiao S, Lv X, Hu F, et al. Effect of septal ablation on regional diastolic dysfunction and diastolic asynchrony in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a follow-up study using speckle tracking echocardiography. Echocardiography 2013; 30:564-571.
doi: 10.1111/echo.12087 pmid: 23305549 |
| [43] |
Ho CY, Carlsen C, Thune JJ, Havndrup O, Bundgaard H, Farrohi F, et al. Echocardiographic strain imaging to assess early and late consequences of sarcomere mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2009; 2:314-321.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.862128 |
| [44] |
Cortigiani L, Rigo F, Gherardi S, Galderisi M, Sicari R, Picano E. Prognostic implications of coronary flow reserve on left anterior descending coronary artery in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102:1718-1723.
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.023 pmid: 19064030 |
| [45] |
Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, Agati L, Zamorano J, Vanoverschelde JL, et al. Contrast echocardiography: evidence-based recommendations by European Association of Echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009; 10:194-212.
doi: 10.1093/ejechocard/jep005 pmid: 19270054 |
| [46] |
Labombarda F, Pellissier A, Saloux É. Fibrosis suggested by 3D contrast-enhanced echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 104:680-681.
doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2011.01.011 pmid: 22152519 |
| [47] |
Tajima M, Iguchi N, Utanohara Y, Hiroi Y, Mahara K, Niwa T, et al. Computed tomography imaging to quantify the area of the endocardial subvalvular apparatus in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Relationship to outflow tract obstruction and symptoms. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2016; 10:351-358.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2016.07.015 pmid: 27498132 |
| [48] |
Kubo T, Kitaoka H. Imaging of left ventricular hypertrophy: a practical utility for differential diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 19: 65.
doi: 10.1007/s11886-017-0875-5 |
| [49] |
Hong JA, Kim MS, Cho MS, Choi HI, Kang DH, Lee SE, et al. Clinical features of idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy: a retrospective multicenter cohort study over 2 decades. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96: e7886.
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007886 |
| [50] |
Hayashi T, Tsuda E, Kurosaki K, Ueda H, Yamada O, Echigo S. Electrocardiographic and clinical characteristics of idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy in children. Circ J 2007; 71:1534-1539.
pmid: 17895547 |
| [51] |
Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the american society of echocardiography and the european association of cardiovascular imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29:277-314.
doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011 |
| [52] |
Habib G, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Caforio ALP, Cardim N, Charron P, Cosyns B, et al. Multimodality imaging in restrictive cardiomyopathies: an eacvi expert consensus document in collaboration with the "working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases" of the european society of cardiology endorsed by the indian academy of echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 18:1090-1121.
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jex034 |
| [53] |
Amaki M, Savino J, Ain DL, Sanz J, Pedrizzetti G, Kulkarni H, et al. Diagnostic concordance of echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance-based tissue tracking for differentiating constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:819-827.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.114.002103 |
| [54] | Lu S, Ren W, Ma C, Zhang J, Yang J, Xiao Y, et al. The differentiation between constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy using regional left atrial 2d strain parameters. Chinese J Ultrasound Med 2016, 32: 140-142. |
| [55] |
Mahmoud A, Bansal M, Sengupta PP. New cardiac imaging algorithms to diagnose constrictive pericard1t1s versus restnct1ve cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017, 19: 43.
doi: 10.1007/s11886-017-0851-0 pmid: 28405937 |
| [56] | Echocardiography Group, Chinese Society of Ultrasound Medicine, Chinese Medical Association. The consensus of chinese physician on cardiovascular contrast enhanced ultrasound. Chin J Med Ultrasound (Electronic Edition) 2015, 12: 667-680. |
| [57] |
Tendler A, Helmke S, Teruya S, Alvarez J, Maurer MS. The myocardial contraction fraction is superior to ejection fraction in predicting survival in patients with AL cardiac amyloidosis. Amyloid 2015; 22:61-66.
doi: 10.3109/13506129.2014.994202 pmid: 25510353 |
| [58] |
Schiano-Lomoriello V, Galderisi M, Mele D, Esposito R, Cerciello G, Buonauro A, et al. Longitudinal strain of left ventricular basal segments and E/e' ratio differentiate primary cardiac amyloidosis at presentation from hypertensive hypertrophy: an automated function imaging study. Echocardiography 2016; 33:1335-1343.
doi: 10.1111/echo.13278 pmid: 27277827 |
| [59] |
Stricagnoli M, Cameli M, Incampo E, Lunghetti S, Mondillo S. Speckle tracking echocardiography in cardiac amyloidosis. Heart Fail Rev 2019; 24:701-707.
doi: 10.1007/s10741-019-09796-z pmid: 30989593 |
| [60] |
Beaton A, Mocumbi AO. Diagnosis and management of endomyocardial fibrosis. Cardiol Clin 2017; 35:87-98.
doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2016.08.005 |
| [61] | Huang P, Rao L. Ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Chinese J Ultrasonography 2007, 16:727-728. |
| [62] |
Corrado D, Thiene G. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/ dysplasia: clinical impact of molecular genetic studies. Circulation 2006, 113: 1634-1637.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.616490 |
| [63] | Zaidi A, Knight DS, Augustine DX, Harkness A, Oxborough D, Pearce K, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a practical guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography. Echo Res Pract 2020 ; 7: G19-G41. |
| [64] |
Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American society of echocardiography and the european association of, cardiovascular imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016, 17 :412.
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew041 |
| [65] | Echocardiography Group, Chinese Society of Ultrasound Medicine, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for measurement of echocardiography in Chinese adults. Chin J Med Ultrasound 2016, 25: 645-666. |
| [66] | Liu WX, Zhao Y, Xue C, Han JC, Hao XY, He YH. Echocardiographic features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy:analysis of misdiagnosis and miss diagnosis. Chin J Ultrasonogr 2015, 24: 199-203. |
| [67] |
Corrado D, Wichter T, Link MS, Hauer RN, Marchlinski FE, Anastasakis A, et al. Treatment of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: an international task force consensus statement. Circulation 2015; 132:441-453.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017944 |
| [68] |
Sarvari SI, Haugaa KH, Anfinsen OG, Leren TP, Smiseth OA, Kongsgaard E, et al. Right ventricular mechanical dispersion is related to malignant arrhythmias: a study of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and subclinical right ventricular dysfunction. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:1089-1096.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr069 |
| [69] |
Saberniak J, Leren IS, Haland TF, Beitnes JO, Hopp E, Borgquist R, et al. Comparison of patients with early-phase arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 18:62-69.
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew014 pmid: 26903598 |
| [70] |
Kjaergaard J, Petersen CL, Kjaer A, Schaadt BK, Oh JK, Hassager C. Evaluation of right ventricular volume and function by 2D and 3D echocardiography compared to MRI. Eur J Echocardiogr 2006; 7:430-438.
pmid: 16338173 |
| [71] |
Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American society of echocardiography and the European association of cardiovascular imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 16:233-270.
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jev014 |
| [72] | Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American society of echocardiography endorsed by the European association of echocardiography, a registered branch of the European society of cardiology, and the Canadian society of echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23:685-713; quiz 786-788. |
| [73] |
Porter TR, Mulvagh SL, Abdelmoneim SS, Becher H, Belcik JT, Bierig M, et al. Clinical applications of ultrasonic enhancing agents in echocardiography: 2018 american society of echocardiography guidelines update. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2018; 31:241-274.
doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.11.013 |
| [74] |
Haugaa KH, Basso C, Badano LP, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Cardim N, Gaemperli O, et al. Comprehensive multi-modality imaging approach in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy-an expert consensus document of the European association of cardiovascular imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 18:237-253.
doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew229 |
| [75] |
Towbin JA, Lorts A, Jefferies JL. Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Lancet 2015, 386: 813-825.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61282-4 |
| [76] |
Sedaghat-Hamedani F, Haas J, Zhu F, Geier C, Kayvanpour E, Liss M, et al. Clinical genetics and outcome of left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:3449-3460.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx545 pmid: 29029073 |
| [77] |
Asfalou I, Boulaamayl S, Raissouni M, Mouine N, Sabry M, Kheyi J, et al. Left ventricular noncompaction-a rare form of cardiomyopathy: revelation modes and predictors of mortality in adults through 23 cases. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2017; 29:102-109.
doi: 10.1016/j.jsha.2016.02.004 |
| [78] |
Jenni R, Oechslin E, Schneider J, Attenhofer Jost C, Kaufmann PA. Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart 2001; 86:666-671.
doi: 10.1136/heart.86.6.666 pmid: 11711464 |
| [79] |
Finsterer J, Stoll berger C, Towbin JA. Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy: cardiac, neuromuscular, and genetic factors. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017, 14: 224-237.
doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.207 pmid: 28079110 |
| [80] |
Paterick TE, Umland MM, Jan MF, Ammar KA, Kramer C, Khandheria BK, et al. Left ventricular noncompaction: a 25-year odyssey. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25:363-375.
doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.12.023 |
| [81] |
Jacquier A, Thuny F, Jop B, Giorgi R, Cohen F, Gaubert JY, et al. Measurement of trabeculated left ventricular mass using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:1098-1104.
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp595 pmid: 20089517 |
| [82] | Zhang M, Zhang Y. Ultrasound diagnosis of poor myocardial densification: report of 2 cases. Chin J cardiovascular med 2002, 7:449. |
| [83] | Chen SJ, Zhang ZL, Chen M, Dong PS, Yang XM, Wang K, et al. Echocardiographic standardized myocardial segmentation features in patients with left ventricular noncompaction. Chin J Cardiol 2010, 38; 402-405. |
| [84] |
Eidem BW. Noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular noncompaction: what's new in 2009? Pediatr Cardiol 2009, 30: 682-689.
doi: 10.1007/s00246-008-9372-3 |
| [85] | van Dalen BM, Caliskan K, Soliman OI, Nemes A, Vletter WB, Ten Cate FJ, et al. Left ventricular solid body rotation in non-compaction cardiomyopathy: a potential new objective and quantitative functional diagnostic criterion? Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10:1088-1093. |
| [86] |
Kalapos A, Domsik P, Forster T, Nemes A. Left ventricular strain reduction is not confined to the noncompacted segments in noncompaction cardiomyopathy-insights from the three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiographic MAGYAR-path study. Echocardiography 2014; 31:638-643.
doi: 10.1111/echo.12447 pmid: 24400635 |
| [87] |
Sabatino J, Di Salvo G, Krupickova S, Fraisse A, Prota C, Bucciarelli V, et al. Left ventricular twist mechanics to identify left ventricular noncompaction in childhood. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12: e007805.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.007805 |
| [88] |
Niemann M, Liu D, Hu K, Cikes M, Beer M, Herrmann S, et al. Echocardiographic quantification of regional deformation helps to distinguish isolated left ventricular non-compaction from dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14:155-161.
doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr164 pmid: 22219500 |
| [89] |
Tian M, Zheng M, Ma H, Niu Y, Zhang Y, Xu P. Differentiation of patients with two-dimensional echocardiography false positive non-compaction of ventricular myocardium by contrast echocardiography. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2019; 20:41-46.
doi: 10.31083/j.rcm.2019.01.3281 |
| [90] | Lampropoulos KM, Dounis VG, Aggeli C, Iliopoulos TA, Stefanadis C. Contrast echocardiography: contribution to diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Hellenic J Cardiol 2011; 52:265-272. |
| [91] | Liu XW, Wu YF, Li YD, Sun LL, Jiang W. Value of left ventricular contrast echocardiography in diagnosis of left ventricular myocardium noncompaction. Chin J Ultrasonogr 2011, 20: 201-204. |
| [92] |
Baker GH, Pereira NL, Hlavacek AM, Chessa K, Shirali G. Transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis and description of noncompaction of ventricular myocardium. Echocardiography 2006; 23:490-494.
doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2006.00246.x |
| [93] |
Caselli S, Autore C, Serdoz A, Santini D, Musumeci MB, Pelliccia A, et al. Three-dimensional echocardiographic characterization of patients with left ventricular noncompaction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25:203-239.
doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.11.012 |
| [94] | Zhao J, Hu DY, Guo JH, Zhang FF, Lu WJ, Huang ZW, et al. Assessment of left ventricular systolic synchronicity by quantitative tissue velocity imaging in patients with left ventricular noncompaction. Chin J Cardiol 2010, 38: 398-401. |
| [95] |
Towbin JA, Lorts A, Jefferies JL. Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopa thy. Lancet 2015, 386: 813-825.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61282-4 |
| [96] | Yu JC, Zhao SH, Jiang SL, Wang LM, Wang ZF, Lu MJ, et al. Comparison of clinical and MRI features between dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular noncompaction. Chin J Cardiol 2010, 38: 392-397. |
| [97] |
Gati S, Chandra N, Bennett RL, Reed M, Kervio G, Panoulas VF, et al. Increased left ventricular trabeculation in highly trained athletes: do we need more stringent criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction in athletes? Heart 2013; 99: 401-408.
doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303418 |
| No related articles found! |
| Viewed | ||||||
|
Full text |
|
|||||
|
Abstract |
|
|||||
Share: WeChat
Copyright ©2018 Advanced Ultrasound in Diagnosis and Therapy
Address:Room 409, Floor4, Building No. 3,100 Haining Road, Hongkou District,Shanghai 200080, P.R. China. | Email: publisher@audt.org
Advanced Ultrasound in Diagnosis and Therapy (AUDT)
is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
